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ATROPHIC
RHINITIS -
Page 2 BY: ALEX HOGG, UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA; WILLIAM P. SWITZER, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY; DANIEL O. FARRINGTON, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY PORK INDUSTRY HANDBOOK |
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Clinical Signs: Clinical signs are those of a nasal infection. The signs vary with the strain of bacterium involved, and secondary bacterial and viral invaders, health status and age of the pigs involved. Sneezing is the most common sign. Sniffing, snorting and coughing are usually observed in pigs with atrophic rhinitis. A moist crescent-shaped area on the face below the eye caused by excessive tearing is commonly present. A clear to yellowish-white discharge from the nostrils is frequently observed. This discharge may contain blood in severe cases. Twisting and/or shortening and thickening may cause mal-alignment of the teeth. Pneumonia's are common, and occasionally brain involvement may occur. All ages of swine can become infected with B. bronchiseptica, but the most severe lesions require that the pig be infected during the first few weeks of life. Environmental stresses such as overcrowding and cold, damp, drafty quarters can intensify a rhinitis problem. Other health problems such as diarrhea, pneumonia's or parasitic infections also magnify the problem. It cannot be overemphasized that the severity of atrophic rhinitis is frequently related to the level of management existing in the herd. Diagnosis: Diagnosis is by clinical signs and by observing the turbinate atrophy during postmortem examination. The turbinates are examined by carefully sawing with a fine-toothed saw across the nose at the level of the second premolar tooth. The first premolar tooth erupts at about 1 year of age; therefore, the first visible jaw tooth in pigs younger than 1 year is the second premolar. Bacterial cultures of the nasal cavity may result in the isolation of B. bronchiseptica. Control: Several
methods are used to limit atrophic rhinitis. These are: 2. Use the "all-in all-out" system in the farrowing house and in the nursery rooms. 3. Maintain older breeding stock and keep the percentage of replacements to a minimum. 4. Isolate sows and their litters until after weaning. Continue to isolate each litter for 1 month after weaning. Select breeding stock from litters that are free of clinical signs and also react negatively to nasal swabbing tests for bordetella. 5. Caesarean-derive pigs, and rear in isolation - SPF procedure. Bordetella can survive in the soil for several weeks. Six weeks in the summer and 3 months in the winter are considered to be the minimal "down time" necessary to repopulate a premise that was previously contaminated. It is strongly recommended that repopulation be done during the summer months. |
To maintain a bordetella free herd: 1. Quarantine the herd from exposure to other swine. 2. Use the closed herd concept. 3. Add only boars that have had 3 consecutive negative swabbing tests to bordetella with no positives, or add only SPF laboratory-derived pigs. 4. Control cat and rodent populations. 5. Monitor the herd by nasal swabbing and culturing a portion of each new crop of waned pigs. It has been reported that there are cyclic high and low populations of bordetella organisms, even when o treatments are being used. Treatment: Treatment is based upon drugs that are secreted into the nasal cavity. The two drugs of choice that fit this category are sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole. Because these drugs work by blocking the nutrient intake of bacteria, treatment must take place over a considerable period to be effective. It is usually recommended that a sulfa level of 100 gm. per ton of feed be administered to sows for 3-5 weeks. This is done shortly before farrowing. Pigs receive the same level of sulfa in their feed for a 6 week or longer period starting at preweaning and continuing until the pigs reach 50-75 pounds. An alternative is to treat both the sows and pigs with the water-soluble form of sulfathiazole in the drinking water at the level of 1 lb./1,000 gal. Sows are treated for 3 weeks prior to farrowing until 1 or 2 weeks after farrowing. Baby pigs are offered medicated water from the first day of life until they reach 50-75 lb. Great care must be used to insure that sulfa-medicated feed or water is not fed to market-weight hogs unintentionally by contamination of their feed or water with sulfa-medicated feed or water. Always observe the recommended preslaughter withdrawal time. When chronic pneumonia's are associated with atrophic rhinitis, treatment levels of broad spectrum antibiotics should be added to the ration for 10 days or longer. Vaccines: Vaccination is a new and useful aid in the control of B. bronchiseptica infection. A federally licensed and approved vaccine is now available. The approved procedure for the use of this vaccine is the administration of a dose to the pig at 7 days of age. A second dose is given at 28 days of age. Sows should be vaccinated 4-5 weeks and again 2-3 weeks before farrowing. Vaccination is a valuable aid in atrophic rhinitis control, but it should be supplemented with the other control procedures previously mentioned. The local practicing veterinarian is the best resource person in the community to determine which control methods will be the most effective for a particular swine production unit. A veterinarian should also monitor the progress of a atrophic rhinitis control program. |
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