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PSEUDORABIES
- Page 2 (AUJESKY'S DISEASE, MAD ITCH) BY: DAVID G. THAWLEY, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI; DON P. GUSTAFSON, PURDUE UNIVERSITY; C. JOHN MARE, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA; L.W. SCHNURRENBERGER, USDA , WASHINGTON, D.C. PORK INDUSTRY HANDBOOK |
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Vaccinations: Vaccines have been used in Europe for years, and in the United States since 1977. Reports on their effectiveness are mixed. However, researcher consensus is that vaccines reduce swine losses and spread of the disease but do not totally prevent infection and the establishment of a carrier state in recovered swine. Many Europeans consider that under some conditions vaccine use may seriously impede efforts to control the spread of the disease. In other conditions vaccines have been reported to enhance the control of pseudorabies. Current vaccines stimulate an antibody response indistinguishable by serologic tests from that, resulting from virulent virus and will hinder any control or eradication program. Spread of Infection: Pseudorabies is spread mainly by direct contact between swine. The nose and mouth are the main entry points for the virus. Nasal discharges and saliva contain the virus, so drinking water, bedding, and other objects such as clothing and instruments may become contaminated. The virus can be spread without movement of pigs. When entering swine premises, clean clothes should be worn, and boots should be disinfected upon entering and leaving the premises. Recovered pigs may remain carriers of the virus and later can infect susceptible pigs or cattle with which they come into contact. Severe cattle losses from pseudorabies have occurred as a result of contact infection from apparently normal carrier swine. The disease has also been introduced to swine farms by introduction of carrier swine. Dogs and cats are very susceptible to pseudorabies and usually become infected through contact with infected pigs. Wild animals such as raccoons, skunks and mice are also susceptible to the disease. Dogs, cats, and wild animals are potential spreaders of the disease within an endemic area, but are not considered a factor in the spread outside the area. Diagnosis: The clinical signs of pseudorabies are variable so clinical diagnosis should always be confirmed by laboratory tests. Four tests - the Serum-Virus Neutralization Test (SN), Virus Isolation (VI), Fluorescent Antibody Tissue Section Tests (FATS), and the Enzyme Linked Immune-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) - have been approved for the diagnosis of pseudorabies. Other tests are still being developed. |
The SN and ELISA tests detect pseudorabies antibodies in serum of pigs that have been infected with the virus.These antibodies appears in the serum about day 7 of infection and may persist for years. The presence of pseudorabies antibodies is evidence that the pig has been infected with the virus in the past or has been vaccinated. Absence of antibodies indicates that the animal has probably not been infected or that it may be in the early stages of the disease. Diagnosis of a pseudorabies outbreak can be made by conducting SN tests on paired serum samples, one taken from the pig early in the disease, and the second 3-4 weeks later. A significant rise in antibodies between the first and second bleeding indicates active pseudorabies infection has been present. The SN and ELISA are extremely reliable tests. While these tests accurately detect antibodies to pseudorabies, they do not differentiate between antibodies resulting from natural disease and those resulting from vaccination. Serum submitted for SN examination must be collected in clean, sterile tubes (not Brucellosis tubes) and submitted packed in ice. If the serum is badly hemolyzed or contaminated with bacteria, the SN test is unreliable. Control of Infection: The chances for introduction of the disease can be minimized by the owner by strictly controlling movement of people, animals and objects into or around your pets premises. Clean clothes and boots should be decontaminated with a good disinfectant before introduction. Cats, dogs and other animals should be kept away from pigs. Swine added to a herd should be obtained from a herd known to be pseudorabies-free and all additions should be tested and found free, and isolated for at least 30 days, and then re-tested. When pseudorabies occurs on a farm, the premises should be quarantined, and all movement of people and animals should be strictly controlled. If possible, healthy pigs should be separated from the sick and movement between them should be strictly controlled. Dead pigs should be disposed by a deep burial or incineration. Recovered pigs should be sold only for slaughter to prevent spreading infection to other farms by carrier swine. Many herds which are infected may be freed of infection by using either "test and removal" procedures or offspring segregation. Results using these procedures are very encouraging except in highly concentrated, continuous farrowing operations or in herds undergoing an acute infection. In highly concentrated operations, the virus appears to cycle intermittently, and many offspring with isolation and removal of infected animals appears to be an effective herd cleanup strategy. |
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